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NWU Harvard Referencing Guide

Based on the NWU Referencing Guide.

Reference list



General principles

  • Start the reference list on a new page.
  • All sources referred to in the text must be included in one alphabetical list (according to first author).
  • Use the term Reference list as heading. A bibliography refers to a more substantial list covering the subject.
  • Complete  bibliographical information for every source is essential so that the source can be traced easily.
  • The language of the source and not that of the document (research paper or thesis), is used in the reference list.
  • Do not number entries or use “bullets” in the reference list.
  • Use 1.5 spacing and leave a line open between entries or use 18 pt paragraph spacing after each entry.
  • The reference list must be left aligned and not justified (“justify” creates block format and this leaves unnecessary open spaces especially when typing internet addresses).
  • The titles of published sources are typed in italics. Do not italicise the titles of unpublished material.
  • All entries must have a full stop at the end except when a permanent internet link or DOI is at the end of the entry.
  • Do not use a full stop after a URL (internet address). The URL must be hyperlinked.

Alphabetical arrangement

Arrange the entries in alphabetical order according to the first author. Remember the principle of “nothing before something”. A surname such as Le Roux is placed before Leaky. Arrange sources by the same author as follows:

  • Chronologically from old to new
  • Sources with single author
  • Sources with co-authors

Compare the entry for Deci, E.L. in the example reference list in this guide. Arrange works by different authors with the same surname alphabetically according to the first initial. Surnames starting with “Mc” or “Mac”

Mac Lean, W.
Mc Donald, B.
McArthur, K.

Reference list

Abrego, L., Amado, M.A., Gursoy, T., Nicholls, G.P. & Perez-Saiz, H. 2019. The African continental free trade agreement: welfare gains estimates from a general equilibrium model. (IMF working paper, WP/19/124). https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/WP/2019/WPIEA2019124.ashx Date of access: 11 Jun. 2019.

Abdalla, H., Aharonian, F., Ait Benkhali, F., Anguner, E.O., Arakawa, M., Arcaro, C., ... Zywucka, N. 2018. The starburst galaxy NGC 253 revisited by H.E.S.S. and Fermi-LAT. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 617, art. 73:1-7. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833202

American Psychological Association. 2010. Publication manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington, DC.

Andy. 2019, 12 May. Re: Making elections safe [Blog comment]. https://rjlipton.wordpress.com/2019/05/10/making-elections-safe/#comment-101492 Date of access: 1 Jul. 2019.

Anon. 2009. Chamber music. http://www.classicol.com/classical.cfm?music=instrumentInfo&section= ChamberMusic&title=About%20Music Date of access: 29 Sep. 2010.

Aristotle. 1857. The metaphysics of Aristotle. Literally translated from the Greek, with notes, analysis, questions and index by the Rev. John M’Mahon. London: H.G. Bohn. (Bohn’s classical library, v. 8).

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Bible. 1995. The Holy Bible. New international version. Cape Town: Bible Society of South Africa.

Brokaw, D. 1990. Character and personality. In: Hunter, R.J., ed. Dictionary of pastoral care and counseling. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. pp. 136-137.

Bruning, S.D., DeMiglio, P.A. & Embry, K. 2006. Mutual benefits as outcome indicator: factors influencing perception of benefit in organization-public relationships. Public Relations Review, 32(1):33-40.

Bruning, S.D., McGrew, S. & Cooper, M. 2006. Town-gown relationships: exploring university-community engagement from the perspective of community members. Public Relations Review, 32(2):125-130.

Butterfield, A. & Szymanski, J. 2018. Dictionary of electronics and electrical engineering. 5th ed. https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198725725.001.0001/acref-9780198725725 Date of access: 8 Dec. 2018.

Carroll, A.R. 2018. Ecosystems, communities, and species: understanding mammalian response to ancient carbon cycle perturbations. Ann Arbor, MI: University of New Hampshire. (Dissertation – PhD). http://nwulib.nwu.ac.za/login?url=https://search-proquest-com.nwulib.nwu.ac.za/docview/2058145688? accountid=12865 Date of access: 13 Apr. 2019.

Chen, C.W.S. & Sun, Y-W. 2018. Bayesian forecasting for tail risk. In: Kreinovich, V., Sriboonchitta, S. & Chakpitak, N., eds. Predictive econometrics. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 122-145. Available from Springer eBook Collection: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-70942-0 Date of access: 3 Dec. 2018.

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Deci, E.L. 1980. The pscyhology of self-determination. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. 2000. The what and why of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4):227-268.

Deci, E.L., Eghrari, H., Patric, B.C. & Leone, D.R. 1994. Facilitating internalization: the self-determination theory perspective. Journal of Personality, 62(1):119-142.

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Harwood, C., Thrower, S., Slater, M.J., Didymus, F. & Frearson, L. 2019? Advancing our understanding of psychological stress and coping among parents in organized youth sport. Frontiers in Psychology (Provisionally accepted). doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01600

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Hill, C.W.L. & Jones, G.R. 2013. Strategic management: an integrated approach. 10th ed. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Homer. 1890. Illiad, Books 1-12. Introduction, a brief Homeric grammar and notes by D.B. Monro. 3rd ed., rev. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Jackson, S. 2018. Transracial adoption in South Africa: challenges faced by adoptive parents. Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch. (Thesis – MA). http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/105010

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Jungerman, R.L. & King, R. 2013. Solar monitor for solar device. (Patent: US 8610425). http://www.freepatentsonline.com/8610425.html Date of access: 26 Jun. 2019.

Larsson, S. 2008. The girl with the dragon tattoo. Translated from the Swedish by Reg Keeland. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.

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Long, M. 2015. Second language acquisition and task-based language teaching. West Sussex: Wiley. Available from Ebook Central: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/northwu/Doc?id=10902333 Date of access: 19 Sep. 2018.

Mahlangu, I. 2018. SARS to get hard on tax defaulters: delinquents to face prosecution. Sowetan, 3 Jul., p. 9.

Makate, C., Makate, M. & Mango, N. 2018. Farm household typology and adoption of climate-smart agriculture practices in smallholder farming systems of Southern Africa. African Journal of Science, Technology,

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Meyer, Marius. 2016. Human resource development legislation. In: Meyer, Marius, ed. Managing human resource development: a strategic learning approach. 5th ed. Durban: LexisNexis. pp. 25-60.

Meyer, Marjon. 2016. Planning and organising training. In: Meyer, Marius, ed. Managing human resource development: a strategic learning approach. 5th ed. Durban: LexisNexis. pp. 223-251.

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