Note that scientific journal articles retrieved from the internet should be treated as online journal articles.
When the author of the webpage or article and the publisher of the website are the same, omit the publisher name to avoid repetition.
Provide the date as specific as available on the webpage, e.g. if the month and or day is known, include that also in the reference list entry, in the form of (year, month day).
The title of the webpage or article should be typed in italics.
National Institute of Mental Health. (2018, July). Anxiety disorders. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/index.shtml
Text reference:
(National Institute of Mental Health, 2018).
When the contents of a page are meant to be updated but are not archived, include a retrieval date in the reference list entry.
Fagan, J. (2019, March 25). Nursing clinical brain. OER Commons. Retrieved September 17, 2019, from https://www.oercommons.org/authoring/53029-nursing-clinical-brain/view
Text reference:
(Fagan, 2019).
Blog posts can be used as sources of information but you have to make sure it is scientific and reliable.
The author of a blog post can be a person or persons but it can also be an organisation or company, or even a group author.
If possible give the exact date, e.g. year, month and day in the reference list, but only the year in the text reference.
Determining the author of a blog or comment is sometimes difficult. Use the name of the individual who commented on the blog post or the screen name (it can sometimes be something weird that doesn’t look like a name, e.g. Cu4t).
The date should be the date when the comment was published (not that of the blog post).
For the title, type the word “Re: “ in front of the title of the blog post.
Use the URL of the comment.
Nowadays posts from social media are also used as information sources. For an individual’s name, use the surname, followed by his / her initials. Give the screen name in square brackets if available. If only the screen name is available, use that form of name. For an organisation, use the name as found on the page.
Give the exact date (year, month and day) of the post.
Give the title or caption of the post. If it is a long post / caption, use the first 20 words of the post. After the title, give in square brackets the type of post, e.g. [Status update], [Tweet] [Instagram post].
Provide the exact URL (click on a post’s date stamp) of the status update.
Elsevier [@ElsevierConnect]. (2019, July 9) 3 tips on preparing a literature review [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ElsevierConnect/status/1148577631354458113
Text reference:
(Elsevier, 2019).
Jansen, J. [jdjansen007]. (2018, May 25). “Recognising your own brokenness is part of owning your story” [Post]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/BjMUgzajXwg/
Text reference:
(Jansen, 2018).
UNAIDS. (2018). Global AIDS update 2018 [PowerPoint]. https://www.unaids.org › media_asset › 2018-global-aids-update-slides-part1
Text reference:
(UNAIDS, 2018).
Robinson, K. (2006, February). Do schools kill creativity? [Video]. Talk presented at an official TED conference. https://www.ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity?utm_campaign=tedspread&utm_medium=referral&utm_source=tedcomshare
Text reference:
(Robinson, 2006).
Simple Science Answers. (2013, August 2). Pharmacodynamics made simple! [Video]. YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FN_8Y6fzK40
Text reference:
(Simple Science Answers, 2013).
Trump, D. (2018, September 25). President Trump speech at the UN General Assembly [Podcast]. https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/ricochet/potus-pod/e/56420033
Text reference:
(Trump, 2018).
LMS = learning management system, e.g. eFundi.
Franken, A. (2019). Occupational hygiene investigation. Study unit 3 [PowerPoint presentation]. Unpublished lecture notes for BHIG211 on eFundi. eFundi@NWU. Retrieved April 29, 2019, from http://efundi.nwu.ac.za/portal/
Text reference:
(Franken, 2019).